File: dewla7.mw Date: 03-31-2011 Created: 1997Differential Equations with Linear Algebra: Part 7robert t jantzenIntroduction and Table of Contents [web]Linear Algebra V: Linear Transformations and the Eigenvalue Problem; Differential Equations II: Decoupling Systems of Linear Homogeneous 1st Order DEQ'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: Coupled Systems of Linear Differential Equations [eigenvals,eigenvects]IntroductionThe first application of the linear algebra concepts we have covered is the eigenvector/eigenvalue problem in the context of decoupling and solving linear systems of first order differential equations LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkmbWZyYWNHRiQ2KC1GIzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjZFhGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtRjE2JVEjZHRGJ0Y0RjdGOi8lLmxpbmV0aGlja25lc3NHUSIxRicvJStkZW5vbWFsaWduR1EnY2VudGVyRicvJSludW1hbGlnbkdGRi8lKWJldmVsbGVkR1EmZmFsc2VGJ0Y6 = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQVhGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn , where the prime indicates the derivative with respect to the independent variable LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= = vector([LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg==,...,LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==]) is the vector of dependent variables, and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=xLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= square matrix of coefficients which multiplies the vector. This single matrix differential equation represents the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (coupled, in general) scalar linear differential equations:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== ' = 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 + ... + LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRicvRjtRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRkMvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjkvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGSy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGSy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRksvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZLLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZLLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiw2JVEibkYnRjdGOkZDLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRkY2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRkNGSS9GTUZLRk5GUEZSRlRGVkZYL0ZmbkZaLUYyNiUtRiw2JVEieEYnRjdGOi1GIzYkRmhuRkNGW29GQ0YrRkM=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== ' = 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 + ... + 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 ...LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ== ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEibkYnRjdGOi1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJy9GO1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjkvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGSi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGSi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkovJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZKLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZKLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGRkZGLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRkM2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRkZGSC9GTEZKRk1GT0ZRRlNGVUZXL0ZlbkZZLUYyNiUtRiw2JVEieEYnRjdGOi1GIzYkRmduRkZGW29GRkYrRkY= + ... + 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 .Let's specialize to the simplest nontrivial case LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJuRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRj5GPkYrRj4= , where a solution of the system represents a parametrized curve in the plane:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== ' = 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 + 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 ' = 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 + 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 .The right hand side of the vector equation LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= is a linear vector field on the plane, namely a function on the plane whose value at each point LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSJ4RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRicvRjtRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkMvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0ZDLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y5LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRk4vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRk4vJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZOLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGTi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGTi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYxNiVGMy1GIzYkLUZANiRRIjJGJ0ZDRkNGRUZDRkMvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGQw== is the vector [LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRicvRjtRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRkMvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjkvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGSy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGSy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRksvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZLLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZLLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRidGP0ZDLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRkY2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRkNGSS9GTUZLRk5GUEZSRlRGVkZYL0ZmbkZaLUYyNiUtRiw2JVEieEYnRjdGOi1GIzYkRj9GQ0ZobkZDRitGQw== + 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 , 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 + 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] whose components are linear functions of the coordinates of the point. This can be visualized by attaching the initial point of this vector to the position vector where it is evaluated. By plotting a representative sample of these attached values of the vector-valued function on a grid, we can visualize the solutions of the system. They are curves which at each point have these attached vectors as their tangent vector. If we think of them as the trajectory of a point moving in the plane as a function of time, then the field of vectors specifies what the velocity of the moving point should be at each location.A decoupled example (diagonal coefficient matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=)To get started we consider a decoupled system of two independently solvable linear first order differential equations: 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 to the diagonal matrix: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These two scalar differential equations just state that the rate of change of each coordinate is proportional to that coordinate alone. Thus their solutions are just exponential functions. We could write out their solution from memory, but MAPLE can do it for us, solving each one independently of the other: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Notice that MAPLE is lazy about noticing that it already used the constant LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkX0MxRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== in the first solution. We force it to do so by solving the pair as a system: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To get these in the right order we can do a trick: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The arbitrary constants are the initial values of the two coordinates at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJ0RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnRj5GPkYrRj4= .maple fieldplot, DEplot [fieldplot, DEplot]The MAPLE command fieldplot almost gives us the visualized vector field plot discussed above for the right hand side of the matrix differential equation, but it rescales the vectors in length so that one can see the whole field in some representative way. I will superimpose some segments of solution curves to show the relationship. Ignore the plot setup and skip to the explanation below: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Notice that the coordinate axes themselves are straight line solution curves, and the only such straight line solution curves. They represent purely exponential behavior in one coordinate alone, with the other coordinate equal to zero.To demonstrate the actual values of the vectors rather than show what the fieldplot command gives us, I will put in some vectors by hand. Ignore the plot setup and skip to the explanation below.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The red curve is the unique solution curve which passes through the initial point 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 , called initial data for the differential equation, where the velocity vector field has the value LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNictSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRjQvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHUSV0cnVlRicvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiM2JS1GODYtUSomdW1pbnVzMDtGJ0Y0RjsvRj9GPUZBRkNGRUZHRkkvRkxRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk9GWEYwRjQtSSNtaUdGJDYjUSFGJ0Y0RjQvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGNA== . Two other values of this vector field are shown.We can also use a variation of this plot which removes the vector length information and only plots a direction field.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEld2l0aEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRKERFdG9vbHNGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRidGQC1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjpGJ0ZALyUmZmVuY2VHRj8vJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj8vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj8vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y/LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y/LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGVkY9RkA=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 fieldplot picture immediately shows that the coordinate axes are clearly special directions for this system of differential equations, even before solving it. The geometrical characterization of these special directions is that along them, the rate of change of the position vector is proportional to the position vector itself, so the solution curve remains a straight line along the given direction. It cannot curve away from the special direction to be a general curve in the plane. In other words if LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is a special position vector for which LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= is proportional to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , its rate of change will always be along the line containing it, and a straight line solution will result, representing exponential behavior since the "constant of proportionality" is independent of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= or LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= .In the present example vectors along the horizontal axis have their rate of change equal to twice their value, while those along the vertical axis have their rate of change equal to -2 times their value, after factoring out these constants from the result of multiplying them by the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn :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No other directions have this property. The diagonal values of the matrix are actually the exponential rate of change parameters along these two special directions, whose absolute value reciprocals are the characteristic values (times) for the exponential behavior. A coupled example (nondiagonal coefficient matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=)Next consider we couple together the equations of this system by adding offdiagonal entries to the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn to obtain a new matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn :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leading to the coupled system of two linear first order differential equations: 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The first equation relating the derivative of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== to its own value cannot be solved without knowing LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== , while the second equation relating the derivative to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== to its own value cannot be solved without knowing LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== . This is what "coupling" means.First we look at the fieldplot as we did above.maple 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There appears to be one straight line solution curve at about a 45 degree angle, and possible another one just beyond 90 degrees, but the grid of representative vectors is not perfectly aligned with these two straight lines, so it is not clear.Just as in the first case, there are two special directions in which matrix multiplication of the position vector by the coefficient matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn is again proportional to the position vector, so that there will be straight line exponential solutions along those special directions. MAPLE is smart enough to find them by a process we will learn later.Any nonzero vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= which when multiplied by a given square matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= remains proportional to its original value is called an "eigenvector" of the given matrix, and the constant of proportionality is called the corresponding "eigenvalue" of the matrix.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The eigenvalues are returned in random order in a column matrix, and the columns of the matrix are linearly independent eigenvectors corresponding to those ordered eigenvalues in the same order. For repeated eigenvalues, it is useful to call the number of repetitions their "multiplicities" (we will learn about this later), and a basis for the subspace of eigenvectors for that eigenvalue is given for them. [The linear combination of any two eigenvectors with the same eigenvalue is also an eigenvector for that eigenvalue, as we will see later, so this is a linear subspace.] In this case each of the 2 eigenvalues has only one independent "special direction" (eigenvector) associated with it, just as in the first uncoupled case where the eigenvalues were the diagonal values of the diagonal matrix: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 unit vectors along the coordinate directions provide a basis for each of the two separate eigenvector directions in that case.Let's check out the two new special directions for the nondiagonal matrix.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 also give names to the corresponding eigenvalues. Traditionally the Greek letter "lambda" is used for this: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 we check the eigenvector condition: does matrix multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn result in a proportional vector?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Clearly it just results in the eigenvalue times the vector, so the difference is zero: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 a linear change of variables (coordinates on the plane) to decouple the systemOkay, now that we have the "special directions" (eigenvectors) for the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn , it does not matter where they came from. We can use them to introduce a new coordinate system in which the rate of change of each new coordinate will be proportional only to itself, just as for the standard Cartesian coordinates in the decoupled case.To change the basis of our linear vector space from the original basis 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 their associated coordinates 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 to the new basis, we introduce the basis changing matrix with the new basis vectors as columns: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 new coordinates LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJZRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEieUYnRjRGNy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRj5GPi8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUY7Ni1RIixGJ0Y+RkAvRkRGNkZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRJjAuMGVtRicvRlNRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRlo2JUZmbi1GIzYkLUZcbzYkUSIyRidGPkY+Rl9vRj5GPi8lJW9wZW5HUSJbRicvJSZjbG9zZUdRIl1GJ0Y+RitGPg== are related to the old ones by the two simple matrix relations: 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 , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSJZRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYjNiYtSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEiQkYnRjRGNy1GIzYlLUY7Ni1RKiZ1bWludXMwO0YnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GU0Zcby1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0Y+Rj4vJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUY7Ni1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0Y+RkBGQ0ZFRkdGSUZLRk0vRlBRJjAuMGVtRicvRlNGaW8tRiw2JVEiWEYnRjRGN0Y+RitGPkYrRj4= , where the inverse matrix is explicitly:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYlLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYmLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkJGPi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGWEY+We use these relations to re-express the vector differential equation for the new coordinate vector:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSNBMkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkIvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUS1GLDYlUSJYRidGNEY3Rj5GK0Y+ -> (multiply by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPkY+LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y+ on the left) -> LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPkY+LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y+LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = 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 .Since the matrix is constant, its derivative is zero, so the left hand side is just the derivative of the new coordinate vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , while we can substitute for LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= on the right hand side:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = 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 = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSVBMl9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIllGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= ,where matrix multiplication by the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn in the original coordinate system is now represented by matrix multiplication by the matrix 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 in the new coordinate system:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYrLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVElQTJfQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUYsNiVRIkJGJ0YvRjItRiM2Ji1GNjYtUSomdW1pbnVzMDtGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk5GZW4tSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGOS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOS8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRjY2LVEifkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTkZkby1GLDYlUSNBMkYnRi9GMkZgb0ZSRltvRjk=Indeed this matrix is diagonal since the basis directions are only multiplied by the corresponding eigenvalue under matrix multiplication by the original matrix. The new form of the differential equation system just says that the rate of change of each new coordinate is proportional to only that coordinate, resulting in exponential solutions: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 to: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 arbitrary constants represent the initial values of the new coordinates at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJ0RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnRj5GPkYrRj4= .Now that we know the new cordinates as functions of the independent variable, we can just use matrix multiplication to obtain the old coordinates as functions of the independent variable, i.e., the desired solution of the original system of equations in the original variables: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The original variables experience a linear combination of two independent exponential behaviors with characteristic times whose reciprocals are the absolute values of the eigenvalues.direct maple solutionOf course MAPLE is smart enough to know all this: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BUT the constants it introduces are different from the ones we found by decoupling the system, corresponding to dividing the original eigenvectors by their first entry to make them 1 instead of the final entries being 1. In each case the arbitrary constants are the initial values of the new coordinates with respect to the eigenvector basis.The initial values of the old and new coordinates are related to each other by the change of coordinate matrix: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 , 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 .Algorithm for Finding Eigenvectors and Eigenvalues of a Square MatrixThe TheoryOkay, we already defined an eigenvector of a square matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= to be a nonzero vector (column matrix) LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= such that when multiplied by the matrix, the result is a multiple of the original vector. The scalar multiple (constant of proportionality) is called the eigenvalue: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 . If we start with a known matrix, we don't know what the possible eigenvalues are nor for those eigenvalues what the eigenvectors are which solve this equation.But it is easy to see what to do. We can rewrite the condition with both terms in the equation on the left hand side. In fact, as we have often seen in MAPLE, it is much easier to show that the difference of two things is zero than compare them to see that they are equivalent: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 .But we can slip in a factor of the identity matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiSUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (or LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjSURGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn) since 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 :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 ,and now we can use the right distributive law for matrix multiplication 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 to rewrite this as: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 .This just says that an eigenvector of the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is a nonzero element of the nullspace of the matrix 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 , .i.e., a solution of the homogenous linear system associated with this new matrix.If this new matrix is invertible, i.e., has a nonzero determinant, then it has an inverse and the only solution of this equation is the zero solution, as follows from left multiplication of each side of the equation by that inverse. Thus the new matrix must be noninvertible, i.e., must have a zero determinant. If we row reduce it, then it must have at least one nonleading entry column since otherwise it would row reduce to the identity matrix where all columns are leading entry columns, and that means that there is at least a one-parameter family of solutions of the equation, if not more (one parameter per nonleading entry column).The condition 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is called the characteristic equation.[ The polynomial 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 for an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=xLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= square matrix is called the characteristic polynomial, but it is easier in practice to simply subtract the scalar LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnRjI= from the diagonal entries instead of reversing all the entries in sign and then adding the scalar LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnRjI= to the diagonal entries.]The roots of the characteristic polynomial (solutions of the characteristic equation) are the eigenvalues of the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= . For each distinct eigenvalue, we are guaranteed to find at least a 1-dimensional space of eigenvectors, and hence at least 1 linearly independent eigenvector for that eigenvalue, and perhaps more.Since the determinant consists of sums of products of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= entries of the matrix, one from each column (or row), the highest power that occurs in the polynomial is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (from expanding the product of the diagonal entries), so the characteristic equation for an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=xLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= matrix is an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=th degree polynomial. Every real polynomial is guaranteed to have LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= roots over the complex number system, which are either real or occur in complex conjugate pairs, though they may not be distinct. Each root LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtRi82JVEiaUYnL0YzUSV0cnVlRicvRjZRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y1 which occurs in the factorization of the polynomial is assigned a number called its "multiplicity", namely the number of factors of 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 which appear in that factorization. The sum of the multiplicities of all the roots is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= since the total number of factors of the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=th degree polynomial is LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=.The Practice [CharacteristicPolynomial,CharacteristicMatrix]Let's apply this theory to the matrix of our coupled example above: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 we get exactly the pair of distinct eigenvalues that MAPLE gave us above.For each eigenvalue, we want to obtain a basis of the nullspace of the characteristic matrix. This is done by row reducing the augmented matrix (add the zero column) and backsubstituting, and reading off the vectors which have the arbitrary parameters as coefficients. All of this is done by the single command "nullspace":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This means that LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiQtRiw2Ji1GIzYmLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdub3JtYWxGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0Y4LyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkEvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkEvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZBLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnRjRGOEY4LyUlb3BlbkdRIltGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EiXUYnRjhGOC9GVlEifGZyRicvRllRInxockYnRjg= is a basis of the eigenspace of the first eigenvalue, or in one single command which also picks out the basis: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 we can take this single vector as one of the new basis vectors for our whole space:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjYjFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSNvcEYnRi9GMi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRIiVGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOUZaRjk=Repeating for the second eigenvalue: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjYjJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1GLDYlUSNvcEYnRi9GMi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUYsNiVRIiVGJ0YvRjIvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOUZaRjk=We can now take these two linearly independent eigenvectors as a basis of the whole space LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2JC1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJSRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y7USdub3JtYWxGJy8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGQUYrRkE= and re-express matrix multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjQTJGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYn on this space in the new coordinate system: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The result is a diagonal matrix with the diagonal values in the same order as the eigenvectors in the basis we have chosen. We have succeeded in "diagonalizing" the matrix by a change of basis.MAPLE has ready made commands for the characteristic polynomial and matrix, of course, should we need them, but WE have to tell MAPLE what variable to use for the unknown eigenvalues:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYsLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVE5Q2hhcmFjdGVyaXN0aWNQb2x5bm9taWFsRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNictRiw2JVEjQTJGJ0YvRjItSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0YxLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkUvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkUvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZFLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRJyYjOTU1O0YnL0YwRkVGQS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkVGQUZBLUY+Ni1RIjtGJ0ZBRkNGRkZIRkpGTEZORlBGUi9GVlEsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy1JJ21zcGFjZUdGJDYmLyUnaGVpZ2h0R1EmMC4wZXhGJy8lJndpZHRoR0ZULyUmZGVwdGhHRmJvLyUqbGluZWJyZWFrR1EobmV3bGluZUYnLUY+Ni1RIn5GJ0ZBRkMvRkdGRUZIRkpGTEZORlBGUi9GVkZULUYsNiVRNUNoYXJhY3RlcmlzdGljTWF0cml4RidGL0YyLUY2NiQtRiM2JkY6Rj0tRiw2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJ0ZlbkZBRkFGQUZobkZmbkZBDiagonalization of a Square Matrix: Finding a Basis of Eigenvectors (Eigenbasis)In our example, we were able to find a basis of the whole space LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= of our vector variables by taking the union of the sets of basis vectors for each of the eigenspaces of the square matrix we were studying. This guaranteed that when we expressed matrix multiplication by this matrix in the new coordinate system, it would be by a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues listed in the same order as the basis vectors. This is called diagonalization of the original matrix, and the diagonalizing basis is called an eigenbasis. Will this always work? Can we always find a basis of eigenvectors of the whole space LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= ?No. We will not always find LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= linearly independent eigenvectors, in which case we cannot diagonalize the matrix but we can still upper triangularize the matrix, and we saw that this allows successive decoupling of a system of first order differential equations. We will discuss this complication later as an option, not as required material for our too brief course.Suppose we do get a total of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= eigenvectors by taking the union of the bases for each eigenspace. How do we know that the whole set is linearly independent? All we do know is that each individual basis is linearly independent as a subset of the whole set. Is it possible that there are linear relationships involving eigenvectors from different eigenspaces?No, and it is very easy to show why not. The simplest version of this question is answered by the result:eigenvectors from different eigenspaces are linearly independentSuppose LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== are eigenvectors associated with two distinct eigenvalues LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGNUY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGNQ== and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRidGNUY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGNQ== of a matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= . If we test for linear independence, we look for a linear relationship among the two vectors: 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 .But if we multiply this equation by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (on the left of course), then we get: 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 = 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 .Now take this last equation together with the original equation multiplied by the first eigenvalue:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNihGKy1GIzYoLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRImNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2JC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJy9GP1Enbm9ybWFsRidGRy8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRkcvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRlIvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGUi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGUi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRlIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZSLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZSLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGW28tRjY2JS1GLDYlUSkmbGFtYmRhO0YnL0Y8RlJGR0ZBRklGTC1GNjYlLUYsNiVRIkVGJ0Y7Rj5GQUZJRkctRk02LVEiK0YnRkdGUEZTRlVGV0ZZRmVuRmduL0ZqblEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GXW9GXXAtRiM2KC1GNjYlRjgtRiM2JC1GRDYkUSIyRidGR0ZHRklGTC1GNjYlRmBvRmNwRklGTC1GNjYlRmZvRmNwRklGR0YrRkctRk02LVEiPUYnRkdGUEZTRlVGV0ZZRmVuRmduL0ZqblEsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy9GXW9GYHEtRkQ2JEZLRkdGR0YrRkc=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNihGKy1GIzYoLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRImNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictRiM2JC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJy9GP1Enbm9ybWFsRidGRy8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRkcvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRlIvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGUi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGUi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRlIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZSLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZSLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGW28tRjY2JS1GLDYlUSkmbGFtYmRhO0YnL0Y8RlJGR0ZBRklGTC1GNjYlLUYsNiVRIkVGJ0Y7Rj5GQUZJRkctRk02LVEiK0YnRkdGUEZTRlVGV0ZZRmVuRmduL0ZqblEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GXW9GXXAtRiM2KC1GNjYlRjgtRiM2JC1GRDYkUSIyRidGR0ZHRklGTEZeb0ZMLUY2NiVGZm9GY3BGSUZHRitGRy1GTTYtUSI9RidGR0ZQRlNGVUZXRllGZW5GZ24vRmpuUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0Zdb0ZecS1GRDYkRktGR0ZHRitGRw== ,and subtract them: 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 . But LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== is a nonzero vector so its coeficient must be zero, but the difference of eigenvalues is nonzero, so the coefficient LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiY0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== must be zero. Repeating this using the second eigenvalue to multiply the original equation will force LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiY0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg== to be zero. This means that both coefficients must be zero, so there are no linear relationships among the two eigenvectors, and they are linearly independent.This only shows that no pair of eigenvectors from different eigenspaces is linearly dependent, but it does not rule out linear relationships involving more than two such eigenvectors. One can similarly show that no linear relationships exist involving eigenvectors from different eigenspaces, but it is tedious to go through the details.Thus if we are lucky enough to have a matrix with LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= distinct eigenvalues, we are guaranteed to get at least one independent eigenvector per eigenvalue, but there are at most LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= independent vectors in the whole space, so we must get exactly LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= linearly independent eigenvectors, one per eigenvalue. This is called an eigenbasis of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic=. If we re-express matrix multiplication by the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= in the new coordinate system associated with this eigenbasis, the new matrix 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 = diag(LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGNUY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGNQ==, ... , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtRi82JVEibkYnL0YzUSV0cnVlRicvRjZRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y1) will be diagonal, with diagonal values equal to the eigenvalues listed in the same order as the eigenvectors in the basis. We will have succeeded in diagonalizing the original matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= .InterpretationNotice by multiplying the relationship between LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== on the left by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and on the right by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPkY+LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y+ we get the following representation of the original matrix:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSRBX0JGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSI9RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRiM2KC1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJCRidGNEY3LUYjNiUtRjs2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZTRlxvLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRj5GPi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRjs2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnRj5GQEZDRkVGR0ZJRktGTS9GUFEmMC4wZW1GJy9GU0Zpby1GLDYlUSJBRidGNEY3RmVvRllGPkYrRj5GK0Y+ -> 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 simplifying and switching sides: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 .This has a simple interpretation. When one multiplies a vector by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= expressed in this form: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= -> 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 ,the first factor LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRidGPkY+LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y+ re-expresses it in the new coordinate system, the new expression for matrix multiplication in the new coordinate system LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== then just multiplies each coordinate by the corresponding eigenvalue, and the final factor LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= then converts the new coordinates of the result back to the old coordinate system (associated with the standard basis of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= in which the entries of the vectors are the coordinates).Multiplicity and Degenerate EigenvaluesConsider the following example. By working backwards, we design a matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= whose columns will be the eigenvectors and pick the eigenvalues we want (designer eigenvalues, namely 2 and 3 ) by choosing the desired form of the diagonalized matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== and then just use the inverse relationship between LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= :
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to determine the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= (you have to rerun this part if the random matrix comes out singular, which can happen!)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This matrix will have two distinct eigenvalues 2 and 3, one of which is repeated: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Notice that the root 3 is repeated in the factorization and so has multiplicity 2, while 2 is an ordinary root with multiplicity 1. This latter eigenvalue has exactly one linearly independent eigenvector and it is just the first column of the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= that we picked randomly as expected since we picked the first eigenvalue in the diagonalized matrix to be that eigenvalue. The last two eigenvectors have the same eigenvalue: the eigenspace of the eigenvalue 3 is 2-dimensional. Notice that MAPLE returned a different eigenbasis than we picked: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Maple's row reduction algorithm always leads to the last nonzero entry of an eigenvector being 1, and to a particular basis of a subspace when larger than dimension 1 as in this case, so there is no reason to expect Maple to duplicate the initial basis for an eigenvalue eigenspace of dimension greater than 1.
The \316\273=2 columns must be related by a simple rescaling, but the last two are linear combinations of the pair found by Maple. The eigenvalue 2 is said to be degenerate (multiplicity greater than 1, repeated root in the factorization of the characteristic polynomial). We are free to pick any convenient basis of the 2-dimensional eigenspace associated with this eigenvalue.The two bases are equivalentOne should be able to relate any two bases of the same space by an invertible square matrix (the basis changing matrix). This matrix is easily found:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjEvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRictRiw2JVElRUlHU0YnRi9GMi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==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 matrix shows the linear combinations of the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= eigenvectors required to equal the Maple eigenvectors, involving one scaling operation on the 1-dimensional eigenspace, and a nontrivial linear combination in the 2-dimensional eigenspace.Interpretation of a 2-dimensional eigenspaceThe particular basis we use to represent the 2-dimensional eigenspace does not matter. This is a 2-plane through the origin. All vectors in this 2-plane are multiplied by the eigenvalue (in this case 3) under matrix multiplication by the matrix. Thus the circles of a given radius expand in radius by the (absolute value of the) eigenvalue, and in the case of a negative eigenvalue, also invert through the origin. All vectors in this 2-plane are on the same footing. There is no preferred direction.Complex EigenvaluesThe motivation for finding eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a real LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=xLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= comes from examining the action of the matrix on real vectors by matrix multiplication: the eigenvectors are special directions in LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= in which the line containing that direction does not change under matrix multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= . There is a nice geometrical interpretation of the property, and in the application in a first order linear homogeneous constant coefficient system of differential equations LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= , this leads to special straight line solutions along which exponential behavior takes place. The eigenvalue is then the exponential rate coefficient whose reciprocal up to sign is the characteristic constant characterizing the exponential behavior in that direction.What happens when some of the roots of the characteristic equation are complex yielding complex eigenvalue pairs? The direct physical interpretation of real eigenvalues and eigenvectors is lost but one still has a direct physical interpretation of the complex conjugate pair of eigenvalues and the complex conjugate pair of associated eigenvalues.complex conjugation takes eigenvectors to eigenvectorsIf we have a pair of complex conjugate eigenvalues 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 with 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 , then one can choose corresponding complex eigenvectors 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 which themselves are complex conjugates, since the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is real. The complex conjugate of the eigenvalue 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 is 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 . But the latter condition just says that the complex conjugate of the eigenvector is an eigenvector with the complex conjugate eigenvalue. Thus one can choose 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 .maple example in the plane (purely imaginary eigenvalues)Suppose we design a real matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with eigenvalues 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 and complex conjugate eigenvectors 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 :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Now what eigenvectors does MAPLE find?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Dividing our eigenvectors by their last components leads to Maple's choice up to a possible reordering.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 can multiply this pair by any fixed nonzero complex number and an equivalent pair of eigenvectors will be obtained, just as in the real case where one can multiply any real eigenvector by a nonzero real number and get an equivalent eigenvector.maple 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This plotting command is just not giving us enough information about the fieldplot, so we load the DEtools graphing package designed for this kind of problem and just edit the example from the HELP of this kind of "autonomous" 2D system of DEQ's.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LUkmbXRleHRHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2KVEpIz9ERXBsb3RGJy8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EoWzAsMCwwXUYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGMS8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKTJEfklucHV0RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnSince MAPLE doesn't seem to like subscripted dependent variables we go back to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= as before, inserting the two entries of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= into the differential equation definition and in the color command, since that is how the example works: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Notice that in the case of purely imaginary eigenvalues, the plane of the two real directions associated with the pair of complex conjugate eigenvectors has no straight line solutions. The solutions instead resemble ellipses. This is in contrast to the case of a pair of real eigenvalues with two independent eigenvectors in a plane, where the fieldplot solution curves resembled a family of hyperbolas whose asymptotes were along the two eigenvector directions.In fact the solutions are a family of ellipses sharing the same pair of perpendicular principal axes, where the arrows of the direction field are perpendicular to the radial direction. The larger (major) semiaxis direction is in the first and third quadrants, while the smaller (minor) semiaxis direction is in the second and fourth quadrants.The complex conjugate pair of eigenvectors determines a pair of real vectors which are the real and imaginary parts of this pair: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 vectors in turn determine a real 2-plane through the origin. Multiplying the original complex eigenvector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQ0UxRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== by a complex number leads to a new basis of this same real plane.maple example in the plane (general complex eigenvalues)Suppose we design a real matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with eigenvalues 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 and the same pair of complex conjugate eigenvectors 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 as in the previous example: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Now what eigenvectors does MAPLE find?LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEtRWlnZW52ZWN0b3JzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiUtRiw2JVEiQUYnRi9GMi8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJ0ZARj1GQA==Multiplying MAPLE's choices by 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 leads to our choice of eigenvectors as before: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 can multiply this pair by any fixed nonzero complex number and an equivalent pair of eigenvectors will be obtained, just as in the real case where one can multiply any real eigenvector by a nonzero real number and get an equivalent eigenvector.maple 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This plotting command is just not giving us enough information about the fieldplot, so we load the DEtools graphing package designed for this kind of problem and just edit the example from the HELP of this kind of "autonomous" 2D system of DEQ's.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LUkmbXRleHRHNiMvSSttb2R1bGVuYW1lRzYiSSxUeXBlc2V0dGluZ0dJKF9zeXNsaWJHRic2KVEpIz9ERXBsb3RGJy8lJ2ZhbWlseUdRMFRpbWVzfk5ld35Sb21hbkYnLyUlYm9sZEdRJmZhbHNlRicvJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1EoWzAsMCwwXUYnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGMS8lMGZvbnRfc3R5bGVfbmFtZUdRKTJEfklucHV0RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnSince MAPLE doesn't seem to like subscripted dependent variables we go back to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= as before, inserting the two entries of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= into the differential equation definition and in the color command, since that is how the example works: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The solution curves appear to spiral outwards from the origin. More about this later.As in the previous example the complex conjugate pair of eigenvectors determines a pair of real vectors which are the real and imaginary parts of this pair:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2JS1GLDYlUSRDRTFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRicvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRidGK0Y6Rj0=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 vectors in turn determine a real 2-plane through the origin. Multiplying the original complex eigenvector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQ0UxRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== by a complex number leads to a new basis of this same real plane.physical interpretation of complex eigenvaluesSuppose we represent both the eigenvalue and eigenvector of a complex conjugate pair in terms of their real and imaginary parts and see how they are related: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To decompose complex quantities with MAPLE, we need reality assumptions about the variables or we need to use the complex evaluator command "evalc".JSFHNow we take real and imaginary parts of the eigenvalue condition 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 :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This can be expressed as a single matrix relation :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 matrix multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with respect to the new real basis LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSNFMUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjYvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRjE2JVEjRTJGJ0Y0RjdGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRInxmckYnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJ8aHJGJ0Y+ is equivalent to multiplication by the matrix 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 , where 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 :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Thus if we insist on a real basis, the matrix is not diagonalized but has a pair ofsign-reversed offdiagonal entries adjacent to the 2 diagonal entries. If there are additional eigenvalues and eigenvectors, then this leads to a block diagonal contribution to the "almost diagonalized" real matrix corresponding to the diagonalized complex matrix.If the imaginary part LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= of the eigenvalue were zero, this would correspond to a 2-dimensional eigenspace of the real eigenvalue LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , and all vectors in the 2-plane of the two vectors are multiplied by that real eigenvalue under matrix multiplication by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= . The nonzero offdiagonal values with the sign change adds a twist to the action of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= by matrix multiplication on this plane. If the real part is zero, only this twisting action occurs. To see why it is a twisting action we need a diagram plotting the various vectors in MAPLE.maple diagramThe following is the plot of two values of the vector field LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= for the eigenvectors with real and imaginary parts 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 , 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 , as used in the examples above, and with purely imaginary eigenvalues 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 , so that 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 , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJy9GOlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZELyUnYWNjZW50R0ZELyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUy1GLDYlUSNFMkYnRjZGOUZALUY9Ni1RIj1GJ0ZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk8vRlJRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvRlVGZ24tSSZtZnJhY0dGJDYoLUYjNiQtRiw2JVEjRTFGJ0Y2RjlGQC1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRkBGQC8lLmxpbmV0aGlja25lc3NHUSIxRicvJStkZW5vbWFsaWduR1EnY2VudGVyRicvJSludW1hbGlnbkdGXHAvJSliZXZlbGxlZEdGREZARitGQA== 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 vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSNFMUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjYvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRjE2JVEjRTJGJ0Y0RjdGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRInxmckYnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJ8aHJGJ0Y+ in blue have the vector field values 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 in red, which as arrow fields point in the clockwise direction around the origin, so that in a first order system of differential equations, the solution curves twist around the origin.The green vectors show the action of multiplication by results LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNigtSSNtaUdGJDYjUSFGJy1GIzYmLUYxNiVRIkFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RicvRj1RJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZHLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkcvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkcvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZHLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlYtRjE2JVEjRTFGJ0Y5RjxGQy1GQDYtUSIsRidGQ0ZFL0ZJRjtGSkZMRk5GUEZSRlQvRlhRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRiM2JkY2Rj8tRjE2JVEjRTJGJ0Y5RjxGQ0YwRkNGQy8lJW9wZW5HUSJ8ZnJGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EifGhyRidGQw== of multiplying the real basis vectors by the matrix. The blue pair is twisted in the clockwise direction around the origin to the final green vector positions.The addition of a real part to the complex eigenvalue adds an extra piece to each red arrows pushing them both away from (positive real part) the extended sides of the yellow parallelogram or both inside (negative real part) the extended sides of the yellow parallelogram of the basis vectors.We repeat the same plot but with the eigenvalues 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 , so that 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 , 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 the red and green vectors rotate further in the counterclockwise direction from the origin with respect to the previous case if there is a positive real part of the eigenvalues. orthogonal matrices (optional topic)Notice what happens when we multiply LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9FRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJw== by its transpose:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQV9FRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEifkYnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUYsNiVRKlRyYW5zcG9zZUYnRi9GMi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlRisvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOUZXRjk=We get a multiple of the identity matrix, with that multiple being the square of the magnitude of the complex eigenvalue: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In fact we can consider the polar form of the complex eigenvalue: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The magnitude of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnRjI= leads to a scaling of the vectors in the 2-plane of the eigenvector, while the remaining unit part leads to the twist, corresponding to the matrix 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This matrix satisfies: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The matrix product of a matrix with its transpose on the left consists of the dot products of the columns of the matrix with the rows of the transpose, which are the columns of the original matrix. In other words, the collection of dot products of the columns with each other. The diagonal elements of the product are the self-dot products, which in this case are 1 (the columns are unit vectors), while the off-diagonal elements are the dot products of distinct columns, which in this case are zero (the columns are perpendicular or "orthogonal" to each other). In other words the set of columns consist of a set of mutually orthogonal unit vectors, called an orthonormal set. A matrix of such columns is called an orthogonal matrix.By introducing polar coordinates in the LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=-LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= plane: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so that the eigenvalue itself is: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the new matrix is just: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This is the matrix of a specific rotation. The original matrix is: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 multiplication of the real and imaginary parts of the complex eigenvector results in an overall scaling of the two vectors by the magnitude of the eigenvalue and this rotation matrix applied to them by the unit complex number corresponding to the argument of the eigenvalue.[in progress]maple example with 4x4 matrix with real and complex eigenvaluesSuppose we put a pair of complex eigenvalues in the context of a larger problem. We design a real matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with eigenvalues 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 and the eigenvectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2Ji1GIzYqLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRI0NFRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIxRicvRkBRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkgvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJ0ZILyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y+LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRlMvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRlMvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZTLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGUy8lJ2FjY2VudEdGUy8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUY3NiVGOS1GIzYkLUZFNiRRIjJGJ0ZIRkhGSkZNLUYsNiVRI0UzRidGPEY/Rk0tRiw2JVEjRTRGJ0Y8Rj9GSEZILyUlb3BlbkdRInxmckYnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJ8aHJGJy1GTjYtUSI9RidGSEZRL0ZVRlNGVkZYRlpGZm5GaG4vRltvUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0Zeb0ZocC1GMjYmLUYjNiotRjI2Ji1GIzYrRistRiM2JkZELUZONi1RIitGJ0ZIRlFGZnBGVkZYRlpGZm5GaG4vRltvUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0Zeb0ZocS1GLDYlUSJJRidGPEY/RkhGTS1GIzYmRmRvLUZONi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0ZIRlFGZnBGVkZYRlpGZm5GaG5Gam4vRl5vRlxvRmpxRkhGTUZERk1GREZIRkgvRl5wUSJbRicvRmFwUSJdRidGTS1GMjYmLUYjNitGKy1GIzYmRkQtRk42LVEoJm1pbnVzO0YnRkhGUUZmcEZWRlhGWkZmbkZobkZncUZpcUZqcUZIRk0tRiM2Ji1GTjYtUSomdW1pbnVzMDtGJ0ZIRlFGZnBGVkZYRlpGZm5GaG5GZ3FGaXFGXXJGK0ZIRk1GREZNRkRGSEZIRmNyRmVyRk0tRjI2Ji1GIzYqRkRGTUZkb0ZNLUYjNiVGYnNGZG9GSEZNRkRGSEZIRmNyRmVyRk0tRjI2Ji1GIzYrRmRvRk1GREZNLUZFNiRGTEZIRk0tRiM2JUZic0ZERkhGK0ZIRkhGY3JGZXJGSEZIRl1wRmBwRkhGK0ZI :LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQ0UxRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2Ly1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0Y5LUY2Ni1RIitGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk5GZm4tRiw2JVEiSUYnRi9GMi1GNjYtUSIsRidGOUY7L0Y/RjFGQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUZVNiRRIjJGJ0Y5LUY2Ni1RIn5GJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkhGX28vRk5GYG9GaG5GW29GVEZbb0ZULyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5RjkvJSVvcGVuR1EnJmxhbmc7RicvJSZjbG9zZUdRJyZyYW5nO0YnLUY2Ni1RIjtGJ0Y5RjtGXm9GQEZCRkRGRkZIRl9vRk1Gam9GOQ==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEkQ0UyRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEqJmNvbG9uZXE7RicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRkwtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2MC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjFGJ0Y5LUY2Ni1RKCZtaW51cztGJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk5GZm4tRiw2JVEiSUYnRi9GMi1GNjYtUSIsRidGOUY7L0Y/RjFGQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUY2Ni1RKiZ1bWludXMwO0YnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSEZlbkZnbi1GVTYkUSIyRidGOS1GNjYtUSJ+RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRl9vL0ZORmBvRmhuRltvRlRGW29GVC8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOUY5LyUlb3BlbkdRJyZsYW5nO0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUScmcmFuZztGJy1GNjYtUSI7RidGOUY7Rl5vRkBGQkZERkZGSEZfb0ZNRl1wRjk=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYoLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjRTNGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2Ji1GIzYsLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRjktRjY2LVEiLEYnRjlGOy9GP0YxRkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTlEsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GVTYkUSIyRidGOUZYLUY2Ni1RKiZ1bWludXMwO0YnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GTkZhb0ZqbkZYRlQvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOS8lJW9wZW5HUScmbGFuZztGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EnJnJhbmc7RictRjY2LVEiO0YnRjlGO0ZlbkZARkJGREZGRkhGZm5GTUZjb0Y5LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEjRTRGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSomY29sb25lcTtGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2Ji1GIzYsLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRjktRjY2LVEiLEYnRjlGOy9GP0YxRkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTlEsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GVTYkUSIxRidGOUZYLUZVNiRRIjBGJ0Y5RlgtRjY2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZORmRvRmpuLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGPUY5RjkvJSVvcGVuR1EnJmxhbmc7RicvJSZjbG9zZUdRJyZyYW5nO0YnRmZvRjk=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNigtRiw2JVEkQV9CRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEjOj1GJy9GOlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZELyUnYWNjZW50R0ZELyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUy1GIzYnLUYsNiVRL0RpYWdvbmFsTWF0cml4RidGNkY5LUY9Ni1RMCZBcHBseUZ1bmN0aW9uO0YnRkBGQkZFRkdGSUZLRk1GTy9GUlEmMC4wZW1GJy9GVUZpbi1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYlLUZcbzYmLUYjNixGKy1GIzYmLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiM0YnRkAtRj02LVEiK0YnRkBGQkZFRkdGSUZLRk1GTy9GUlEsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GVUZecC1GLDYlUSJJRidGNkY5RkAtRj02LVEiLEYnRkBGQi9GRkY4RkdGSUZLRk1GT0Zobi9GVVEsMC4zMzMzMzMzZW1GJy1GIzYmRmZvLUY9Ni1RKCZtaW51cztGJ0ZARkJGRUZHRklGS0ZNRk9GXXBGX3BGYHBGQEZjcC1GZ282JFEiMUYnRkBGY3AtRmdvNiRRIjJGJ0ZALyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGREZARkAvJSVvcGVuR1EiW0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJdRidGZHFGQEZARmRxRkBGK0ZkcUZARitGZHFGQC1GPTYtUSI7RidGQEZCRmZwRkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZobkZURmRxRkA=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNictRiw2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIzo9RicvRjpRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZELyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZELyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlMtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiYtRiM2Ky1GLDYlUSRDRTFGJ0Y2RjktRj02LVEifGdyRidGQEZCRkUvRkhGOEZJRktGTUZPL0ZSUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnL0ZVRl1vLUYsNiVRJENFMkYnRjZGOUZobi1GLDYlUSNFM0YnRjZGOUZobi1GLDYlUSNFNEYnRjZGOS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkRGQEZALyUlb3BlbkdRMyZMZWZ0QW5nbGVCcmFja2V0O0YnLyUmY2xvc2VHUTQmUmlnaHRBbmdsZUJyYWNrZXQ7RidGaG9GQEYrRmhvRkAtRj02LVEiO0YnRkBGQi9GRkY4RkdGSUZLRk1GTy9GUlEmMC4wZW1GJ0ZURmhvRkA=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYuLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUYsNiVRIkJGJ0YvRjItRjY2LVEifkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTkZWLUY2Ni1RIi5GJ0Y5RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkhGVUZXLUYsNiVRJEFfQkYnRi9GMkZSRlJGWC1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JUZPLUYjNiYtRjY2LVEqJnVtaW51czA7RidGOUY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIL0ZLUSwwLjIyMjIyMjJlbUYnL0ZORmFvLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRjlGL0YyLyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNictRiw2JVEtRWlnZW52ZWN0b3JzRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RicvRjpRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZELyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkQvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkQvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZELyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGRC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGRC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlMtSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSJBRidGNkY5LyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGREZARkBGaG5GQEYrRmhuRkBGK0ZobkZAMaple returned exactly the same eigenvectors, rather than multiples of them. The complex eigenvector basis will diagonalize the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= but if we choose the real basis of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSNFMUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIixGJy9GOFEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjYvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGQi8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGQi8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkIvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZCLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZCLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRjE2JVEjRTJGJ0Y0RjdGPkY+LyUlb3BlbkdRInxmckYnLyUmY2xvc2VHUSJ8aHJGJ0Y+ instead of the complex basis LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNiYtSSNtaUdGJDYlUSRDRTFGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUSIsRicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y2LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYxNiVRJENFMkYnRjRGN0Y+Rj4vJSVvcGVuR1EifGZyRicvJSZjbG9zZUdRInxockYnRj4= for the pair of complex eigenvalues, we get a block diagonal form for the matrix: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 the 1-2 1-2 diagonal subblock of the matrix: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is exactly the matrix we described in the 2x2 matrix example.When a matrix has complex eigenvalues it cannot be diagonalized over the real number system, only using complex numbers as a trick. At best it can be block diagonalized, leaving a single coupling offdiagonal term in that subblock we can only be dealt with using complex numbers.Multiplicity and Insufficient Number of Eigenvectors: No Eigenbasis and No Diagonalization Possible[in progress]Consider the following situation: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The 3x3 matrix only has 2 independent eigenvectors, and hence only vectors in the 2-dimensional subspace (2-plane through origin) which is the span of these 2 vectors can be expressed as a linear combination of eigenvectors.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Thus an eigenbasis does not exist, but we could add one more linearly independent vector to the set to form a basis. However, we without an eigenbasis we cannot diagonalize the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , we can at best reduce it to a certain special form.Suppose we pick the third vector to be: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Now we re-express matrix multiplication by the matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= in the original basis in terms of the new basis: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A_BB:=evalm(inverse(BB)&*A&*BB);
A_BBB:=evalm(inverse(BBB)&*A&*BBB);Notice that the first two columns are part of a diagonal matrix since those basis vectors are eigenvectors, but the last is not. In fact the matrix has a block diagonal form. The first diagonal entry is the only entry in its row and column which is nonzero, leaving a 2x2 block associated with the other 2 diagonal values. This 2x2 block is associated with the multiplicity 2 eigenvalue which is missing the second linearly independent eigenvector, and it is a triangular 2x2 matrix. The block-diagonal form of the matrix reflects the complete decoupling of the eigendirections associated with eigenvalues possessing the maximum number of linearly independent eigenvectors (equal to the multiplicity) , and an interative decoupling of the degenerate eigenvalue eigendirection from the remaining directions not along any eigenvectors. Understanding this case is beyond the goals of this course given time limitations. [in progress] Solving Coupled Systems of Linear Differential Equations: LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4=The algorithm, when it worksArmed with a knowledge of the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of an LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=xLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , in the case in which we find a new basis {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 , ..., LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==} of the space of dependent variables 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, ..., LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ== consisting of eigenvectors of the matrix with corresponding eigenvalues {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, ..., LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtRi82JVEibkYnL0YzUSV0cnVlRicvRjZRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y1}, we can uncouple and solve the following system of differential equations with specified initial conditions:scalar form:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg==' = 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 + ... + 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg==' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJhRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiYtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRicvRjtRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiLEYnRkMvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjkvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGSy8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGSy8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRksvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZLLyUnYWNjZW50R0ZLLyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdRLDAuMzMzMzMzM2VtRictRkA2JFEiMUYnRkNGQy8lL3N1YnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R1EiMEYnLUZGNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0ZDRkkvRk1GS0ZORlBGUkZURlZGWC9GZm5GWi1GMjYlLUYsNiVRInhGJ0Y3RjotRiM2JEZobkZDRltvRkNGK0ZD + ... + 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 ... LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==' = 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 + ... + 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 initial conditions: 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 , 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 , ... , 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matrix form:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= , 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where the MAPLE vector of dependent variables LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= = vector([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, ... ,LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==]) is a column matrix in the context of matrix multiplication.THE ALGORITHMWe introduce as new dependent variables the coordinates LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= = vector([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, ... , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==]) of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with respect to the new basis of eigenvectors, with basis changing matrixLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= = augment(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 , ... , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiRUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ== ) . The associated linear coordinate transformation is: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 , 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 .The relationship LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= -> LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= corresponds to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= -> LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSRBX0JGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRiw2JVEiWUYnRjRGN0Y+RitGPg== in terms of the new coordinates. The matrix 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 = diag(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, ..., LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpJmxhbWJkYTtGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJmZhbHNlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLUYjNiQtRi82JVEibkYnL0YzUSV0cnVlRicvRjZRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjUvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y1) is diagonal since multiplying the eigenvectors by LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= just multiplies them by their corresponding eigenvalues, so their coefficients (the new coordinates) just get multiplied by those eigenvalues.The new form of the system of differential equations is therefore decoupled:scalar form: solution:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg==' = 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y2USdub3JtYWxGJ0Y+LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPg==' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSkmbGFtYmRhO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1Enbm9ybWFsRictRiM2JC1JI21uR0YkNiRRIjJGJ0Y6RjovJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0Y6LyUmZmVuY2VHRjkvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRjkvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGOS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGOS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRjkvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y5LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y5LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGWi1GMjYlLUYsNiVRInlGJy9GOFEldHJ1ZUYnL0Y7USdpdGFsaWNGJ0Y9RkNGOkYrRjo=LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Jy1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJ5RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIyRicvRjtRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkMvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIj1GJ0ZDLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZOLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRk4vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRk4vJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZOLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGTi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGTi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRLDAuMjc3Nzc3OGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmduLUYjNiYtRjI2JS1GLDYlUSJjRidGN0Y6Rj1GRS1GSTYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGQ0ZMRk9GUUZTRlVGV0ZZL0ZmblEmMC4wZW1GJy9GaW5GZW8tSSVtc3VwR0YkNiUtRkk2LVEvJkV4cG9uZW50aWFsRTtGJ0ZDRkxGT0ZRRlNGVUZXRllGZG8vRmluUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnLUYjNiYtRjI2JS1GLDYlUSkmbGFtYmRhO0YnL0Y4Rk5GQ0Y9RkVGYW8tRiw2JVEidEYnRjdGOkZDLyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdGR0ZDRitGQ0YrRkM= ... ... LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUYvNiVRIm5GJ0YyRjUvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRidGPQ==' = 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 initial conditions: 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 , LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNiYtSSVtc3ViR0YkNiUtRiw2JVEieUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYkLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnL0Y9USdub3JtYWxGJ0ZFLyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTAmQXBwbHlGdW5jdGlvbjtGJ0ZFLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZQLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRlAvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRlAvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZQLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGUC8lJ2FjY2VudEdGUC8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmluLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiQtRkI2JEZJRkVGRUZFRkUtRks2LVEiPUYnRkVGTkZRRlNGVUZXRllGZW4vRmhuUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0Zbb0Znby1GNDYlLUYsNiVRImNGJ0Y5RjxGP0ZHRkVGK0ZF , ... , 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matrix form:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSRBX0JGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZCLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRkIvJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRkIvJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZCLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGQi8lJ2FjY2VudEdGQi8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRlEtRiw2JVEiWUYnRjRGN0Y+RitGPg== , 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 , where LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KEYrLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMCZBcHBseUZ1bmN0aW9uO0YnL0Y6USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGRC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZELyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZELyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGRC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZTLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiQtSSNtbkdGJDYkUSIwRidGQEZARkBGQC1GPTYtUSI9RidGQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPL0ZSUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZVRl1vLUYjNictRiw2JVEiQkYnRjZGOS1GPTYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGVC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRIllGJ0Y2RjlGPEZWRkBGK0ZARitGQEYrRkA= leads to LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Jy1GLDYlUSJLRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEiQkYnRjRGNy1GOzYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGPkZARkNGRUZHRklGS0ZNL0ZQUSYwLjBlbUYnL0ZTRmduLUYsNiVRIkNGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj5GK0Y+ or 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 . Imposing the initial conditions on the general solution just amounts to expressing the initial values of the new variables in terms of the specified initial values of the old variables, provided the initial conditions are imposed at LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJ0RicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVEiPUYnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMEYnRj5GPkYrRj4= , i.e., just the transformation of coordinates for the initial data coordinate vectors.For complex conjugate root pairs, one imposes that the eigenvector pair and the associated complex coordinate variable pair and the initial value constants be complex conjugates in order to describe a real vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= in the general solution. [This is forced to be the case if one imposes the initial conditions.]The relationship LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2KEYrLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMCZBcHBseUZ1bmN0aW9uO0YnL0Y6USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGRC8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZELyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZELyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGRC8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkQvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkQvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZTLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiQtRiw2JVEidEYnRjZGOUZARkBGQC1GPTYtUSI9RidGQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPL0ZSUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnL0ZVRlxvLUYjNictRiw2JVEiQkYnRjZGOS1GPTYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGQEZCRkVGR0ZJRktGTUZPRlFGVC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRIllGJ0Y2RjlGPEZWRkBGK0ZARitGQEYrRkA= = 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 + ... + 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 then determines the original variables. Real ModesOne can think of each real term in this sum as an independent "mode". When initial conditions are chosen so that only this term is nonzero, the solution curve is a straight line in the space LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiUkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GLzYlUSJuRidGMkY1LyUxc3VwZXJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy9GNlEnbm9ybWFsRic= of the dependent variables along the eigenvector direction with purely exponential behavior LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdWJHRiQ2JS1GLDYlUSJjRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUYjNiQtRiw2JVEiaUYnRjdGOi9GO1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RMSZJbnZpc2libGVUaW1lcztGJ0ZCLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0ZNLyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRk0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRk0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0ZNLyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGTS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGTS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHRmZuLUklbXN1cEdGJDYlLUZINi1RLyZFeHBvbmVudGlhbEU7RidGQkZLRk5GUEZSRlRGVkZYRlovRmhuUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnLUYjNiYtRjI2JS1GLDYlUSkmbGFtYmRhO0YnL0Y4Rk1GQkY9RkRGRy1GLDYlUSJ0RidGN0Y6RkIvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R0ZGRkJGK0ZC whose characteristic exponential rate factor is the eigenvalue, the reciprocal of which in absolute value is the characteristic constant for this behavior. The eigenvalue vector entries describe the relative ratios of the dependent variables in this mode.Complex ModesFor a complex conjugate pair of terms in this sum (a "complex mode"), a spiralling (sinusoidal) exponential behavior LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1JI21vR0YkNi1RLyZFeHBvbmVudGlhbEU7RicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ25vcm1hbEYnLyUmZmVuY2VHUSZmYWxzZUYnLyUqc2VwYXJhdG9yR0Y9LyUpc3RyZXRjaHlHRj0vJSpzeW1tZXRyaWNHRj0vJShsYXJnZW9wR0Y9LyUubW92YWJsZWxpbWl0c0dGPS8lJ2FjY2VudEdGPS8lJ2xzcGFjZUdRJjAuMGVtRicvJSdyc3BhY2VHUSwwLjExMTExMTFlbUYnLUYjNidGKy1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJyZyZWFsO0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR0Y9RjgtRjU2LVEwJkFwcGx5RnVuY3Rpb247RidGOEY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkovRk5GTC1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUYsNiVRKSZsYW1iZGE7RidGV0Y4LUYjNiQtRiw2JVEiaUYnL0ZYUSV0cnVlRicvRjlRJ2l0YWxpY0YnRjgvJS9zdWJzY3JpcHRzaGlmdEdRIjBGJ0Y4RjhGOC1GNTYtUTEmSW52aXNpYmxlVGltZXM7RidGOEY7Rj5GQEZCRkRGRkZIRkpGZm4tRiw2JVEidEYnRmdvRmlvRjgvJTFzdXBlcnNjcmlwdHNoaWZ0R0ZdcEZecC1GaG42JC1GIzYoRistRiM2Jy1GXW82JS1GLDYlUSJjRidGZ29GaW8tRiM2JkZkby1GNTYtUSIsRidGOEY7L0Y/RmhvRkBGQkZERkZGSEZKL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMUYnRjhGOEZbcEZecC1GIzYmLUYsNiVRJGNvc0YnRldGOEZZLUZobjYkLUYjNiZGKy1GIzYnRistRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSUmSW07RidGV0Y4RllGZ25GOEZecEZhcEY4RitGOEY4RjhGK0Y4LUY1Ni1RIitGJ0Y4RjtGPkZARkJGREZGRkgvRktRLDAuMjIyMjIyMmVtRicvRk5GYXMtRiM2Jy1GXW82JUZecS1GIzYmRmRvRmNxLUZqcTYkUSIyRidGOEY4RltwRl5wLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEkc2luRidGV0Y4RllGYnJGOEYrRjhGK0Y4RjhGOEYrRjg= takes place in the 2-plane of the real and complex parts of the complex eigenvector pair. The polar form of the eigenvector entries describes two things. The arguments give the relative phases of the sinusoidal part of the behavior, while the magnitudes give the relative ratios of their amplitudes. The polar form of the eigenvalue pair describes two things. The real part 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 gives the exponential rate factor, while the positive imaginary part 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 is the real frequency of the sinusoidal behavior. maple example: 3 real modesWe design a matrix with eigenvalues {-1, 1, 2} and eigenvector basis matrix: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Okay, now we solve the system LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= , 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 . We can write down the solution:LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYvLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKiZjb2xvbmVxO0YnL0YzUSdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGPS8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0Y9LyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0Y9LyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGPS8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRj0vJSdhY2NlbnRHRj0vJSdsc3BhY2VHUSwwLjI3Nzc3NzhlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZMLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYmLUYjNi8tRiw2JVEjYzFGJ0YvRjItRjY2LVEifkYnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EmMC4wZW1GJy9GTkZlbi1JJW1zdXBHRiQ2JS1GNjYtUS8mRXhwb25lbnRpYWxFO0YnRjkvRjxRJnVuc2V0RicvRj9GXm8vRkFGXm8vRkNGXm8vRkVGXm8vRkdGXm8vRklGXm9GWi9GTlEsMC4xMTExMTExZW1GJy1GIzYpLUY2Ni1RKiZ1bWludXMwO0YnRjlGO0Y+RkBGQkZERkZGSC9GS1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy9GTkZdcC1GLDYlUSJ0RidGL0YyRi8vJStmb3JlZ3JvdW5kR1ErWzAsMTYwLDgwXUYnLyUscGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjEvJTZzZWxlY3Rpb24tcGxhY2Vob2xkZXJHRjFGMi8lMXN1cGVyc2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRictRjY2LVEiLEYnRjlGOy9GP0YxRkBGQkZERkZGSEZaL0ZOUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRI2MyRidGL0YyRlctRmhuNiVGam4tRiM2KEZfcEYvRmJwRmVwRmdwRjJGaXBGXHEtRiw2JVEjYzNGJ0YvRjJGVy1GaG42JUZqbi1GIzYqLUkjbW5HRiQ2JFEiMkYnRjlGV0ZfcEYvRmJwRmVwRmdwRjJGaXAvJStleGVjdXRhYmxlR0Y9RjlGOS8lJW9wZW5HUScmbGFuZztGJy8lJmNsb3NlR1EnJnJhbmc7RictRjY2LVEiO0YnRjlGO0ZfcUZARkJGREZGRkhGWkZNLUknbXNwYWNlR0YkNiYvJSdoZWlnaHRHUSYwLjBleEYnLyUmd2lkdGhHRmVuLyUmZGVwdGhHRmRzLyUqbGluZWJyZWFrR1EobmV3bGluZUYnRlctRiw2JVEiWEYnRi9GMkY1LUYsNiVRIkJGJ0YvRjJGV0YrRmRyRjk=The initial conditions set the arbitrary constants to be: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All three modes are present. The individual dependent variables are: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 large LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , the largest positive eigenvalue 2 will dominate the solution and the solution curve in 3-space will have that eigenvector direction as a straight line asymptote.maple plots [to do]maple example: 1 real mode and 1 complex modeWe design a matrix with eigenvalues {-1+2I, -1-2I, -1} and the eigenvector basis matrix: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Notice that if we use the real basis, we get a blockdiagonal form for the new matrix with the diagonal part equal to the real part of the complex conjugate eigenvalue pair and the offdiagonal parts equal to the positive and negative imaginary parts: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, now we solve the system LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiWEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= ' = LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2Ji1GLDYlUSJBRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkjbW9HRiQ2LVExJkludmlzaWJsZVRpbWVzO0YnL0Y4USdub3JtYWxGJy8lJmZlbmNlR1EmZmFsc2VGJy8lKnNlcGFyYXRvckdGQi8lKXN0cmV0Y2h5R0ZCLyUqc3ltbWV0cmljR0ZCLyUobGFyZ2VvcEdGQi8lLm1vdmFibGVsaW1pdHNHRkIvJSdhY2NlbnRHRkIvJSdsc3BhY2VHUSYwLjBlbUYnLyUncnNwYWNlR0ZRLUYsNiVRIlhGJ0Y0RjdGPkYrRj4= , 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 . We can write down the solution and get the explicitly real form of the solution: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 initial conditions set the arbitrary constants to be: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One real and one complex mode are present. The individual dependent variables are: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At large LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , the negative eigenvalue terms will decay away, making the whole solution approach the origin.
For the complex mode the polar form of the positive imaginary part eigenvalue complex eigenvector and its coefficient tell us important information.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The magnitudes of the complex eigenvector tell us the relative ratios of the amplitudes of the oscillations in each of the 3 dependent variables for the pure complex mode. The arguments tell us the relative phase lags of the oscillations relative to the cosine function. The magnitude of the coefficient then sets the overall amplitudes of the 3 oscillations, while the argument sets the overall phase lag of the 3 oscillations relative to the cosine function as a reference oscillation.maple plots: sinusoidal informationWe first remove the exponential factors from the complex mode to compare the 3 sinusoidal functions.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This says the first (black) and last (green) sinusoidal functions are 90 degrees out of phase with each other, with the black curve 90 degrees ahead (to the left) of the green curve. The red curve is in between. [Yup!] The black curve is about 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 = 27 degrees ahead of the reference cosine curve: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 give the 3 amplitudes of the black, red, and green curves. [Yup!]maple plots: actual solution curvesNow we plot the solution curves factoring back in the decaying exponentials and adding the single real decaying exponential mode.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 solution starts at [1,1,1] (the upper end of the loop) and does essentially one loop (2 periods of the oscillation) before the oscillations are too small to see near the origin [0,0,0]. We look at the second period of the 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 approximate plane of the oscillation is spanned by the real and imaginary parts of the complex eigenvector.Next Topic: Differential Equations III: Higher Order Linear Homogeneous DEQ's in 1 Dependent Variable [web]