\134DISCOVERING MATHEMATICS WITH MAPLEAn Interactive Exploration for Mathematicians, Engineers, and EconometriciansChapter 3. Matrices and VectorsWorksheet 3b. VectorsIn this worksheet (MatrW3b.mw) we continue the discussion started in MatrW3a.mw in so far as matrices are concerned, although here the calculus of vectors shall get our main attention. We shall learn several ways of introducing vectors into a Maple session, and how to work with vectors under Maple. For matrix computation Maple knows many specialized commands, and likewise for vector computation. In summary, we shall be concerned with Maple's standard vector functions, the standard inner product and its corresponding vector norm, linear (in)dependence and bases, the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization process, and several other elementary topics in the field of vector and matrix analysis.Vectors versus MatricesWe need to load the linalg package again, so that all standard matrix and vector functions can be used right away. We begin with a restart of the Maple system to clear Maple's internal memory. LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEocmVzdGFydEYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RIjpGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRj0vJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGPS8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGPS8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRj0vJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0Y9LyUnYWNjZW50R0Y9LyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yNzc3Nzc4ZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGTC8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRj1GOQ==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JSFHTo the Maple system, all matrices are two-dimensional arrays, even those of size LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= x 1 and 1 x LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEibkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, which really are vector formats. Hence, in order to call any matrix element, two indices are needed, a row index number and a column index number. In contrast, vectors are one-dimensional arrays. A vector can be defined explicitly by providing its size (or vector dimension) together with a list of elements. For example: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The vector dimension can be dropped here. It seems as if we are looking at a column vector, but although it is not a 4 x 1 matrix, a Vector is treated as such in matrix multiplication with Matrix objects. So let us compare our vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= with a proper row matrix: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Maple's equal command will tell us whether these three objects are equivalent by Maple standards.LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEidkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1JI21vR0YkNi1RKCZtaW51cztGJy9GOlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZELyUnYWNjZW50R0ZELyUnbHNwYWNlR1EsMC4yMjIyMjIyZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUy1GLDYlUSpjb2x2ZWN0b3JGJ0Y2RjlGQEYrLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdGREZARitGWUZALUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2J0YrLUYjNictRiw2JVEmRXF1YWxGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSSNtb0dGJDYtUTAmQXBwbHlGdW5jdGlvbjtGJy9GOlEnbm9ybWFsRicvJSZmZW5jZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvJSpzZXBhcmF0b3JHRkQvJSlzdHJldGNoeUdGRC8lKnN5bW1ldHJpY0dGRC8lKGxhcmdlb3BHRkQvJS5tb3ZhYmxlbGltaXRzR0ZELyUnYWNjZW50R0ZELyUnbHNwYWNlR1EmMC4wZW1GJy8lJ3JzcGFjZUdGUy1JKG1mZW5jZWRHRiQ2JC1GIzYnLUYsNiVRInZGJ0Y2RjktRj02LVEiLEYnRkBGQi9GRkY4RkdGSUZLRk1GT0ZRL0ZVUSwwLjMzMzMzMzNlbUYnLUYsNiVRKmNvbHZlY3RvckYnRjZGOS8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHRkRGQEZARmFvRkBGK0Zhb0ZARitGYW9GQA==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The error message speaks for itself. Further, the Vector v and matrix colvector are indistinguishable in the output, both being one-dimensional arrays of the same size and with the same entries. On the other hand, colvector is a matrix which to Maple is never a vector. Let us emphasize that the use of the predicate 'row' or 'column' in combination with 'Vector' is only meaningful in the framework of Matrices, where it is treated like a matrix for matrix multiplication and transposition purposes. This is confirmed by the output of the following Maple lines: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Note the error message when the matrix dimensions of the factors do not match for matrix multiplication.Introducing a VectorA column or a row of a given matrix, viewed as an ordered collection of objects, can be given the structure either of a vector or of a (sub)matrix.Let us first define a symbolic matrix. Notice the definition: it gives the matrix and its elements in more or less the same way as we normally would give them: capital LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= for the matrix and lower case LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiYUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= for its elements.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The 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=defines the third row and the fourth column of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= as individual Vectors. Moreover, the Maple 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extracts as separate vectors the first two elements of the third column of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, and the last four elements of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic='s second row respectively. It thus becomes important to determine the size or dimension of a given vector. This is provided for by the function Dimension. 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On clicking the right mouse button on Maple's output of the vector above and selecting Dimension in the menu that pops up, a new input line appears with the same result.For matrices similar Maple functions are available. It takes no time to find out the precise function of each of the following Maple commands: 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Conversely, vectors of equal dimension can be joined to build up a matrix. The Maple 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 using the bracket Matrix augmenting/stacking notation simply: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 out columns 2,3 and 4 of matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and puts them into a sequence of row vectors. After this, we stack these vectors into a Matrix, which is the transpose of the submatrix of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= generated by deleting its first and last columns. This has the effect of arranging a sequence of Vectors side by side as columns into a Matrix.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JSFHThe stacking process, that is putting the vectors as rows on top of one another, is instead accomplished 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=These Matrix operations apply to Vectors just as it does to Matrices: a function prescription may be used in the definition of such objects. In order to build a 10-vector of square roots, just type: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Now turn to assignment1 of worksheet MatrA3b.mw, and perform the manipulations on the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= as specified. The components of a vector need not be explicitly given at the definition stage, this can be postponed to later or altogether omitted. So you could start with a symbolic vector, and fill in the components later if you wish.Give the next couple of instructions to see how this works.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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYnLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRictRiM2JS1GLDYlUSJWRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjhRJ25vcm1hbEYnRitGOkY9LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Computations with VectorsSo far we have only considered the definition of vectors. Let us now continue with a few applications.If LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is a matrix and x a vector, the product LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=x may be interpreted as a linear combination of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic='s columns, provided LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and x have matching dimensions of course. Given a set LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= of vectors of equal dimension, how can we find out whether this set is linearly independent or not? We could proceed in the following way. Join the vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= together into a matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, so that the columns of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= are the vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. Next solve the system LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=x = 0. Now suppose this system is only trivially solvable, which means there is only one solution, the zero solution. Then the vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= must be independent. The problem of finding a linear expression for a given vector b in terms of the vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, can be solved similarly. Let us illustrate this by means of an example.First we generate five random vectors with single digit components. These vectors are then put the columns of a Matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= , showing two different methods of doing so.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Moreover, let b be a vector of 1's. Now our first objective is to solve the system LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=x = b.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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The resulting vector c expresses b as a linear combination of the columns of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. Verification is quickly achieved.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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Let us repeat that the product LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=x can be viewed as the linear combination of the column vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= in which the components of x act as coefficients. Formulated in another way, the components of the product vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=x are standard inner products of the row vectors of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiQUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and x. Recall that the standard inner product or dot product of two vectors is the sum of the products of their corresponding components. The Maple command for this inner product is DotProduct but the default takes the complex conjugate of the left factor so an option is required.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The Norm procedure gives a vector norm; the type of vector norm may be specified with an extra parameter. Thus 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=gives the Euclidean norm (the usual length function) of the vector x and the supnorm (or maxnorm) is invoked by adding the parameter infinity.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Here you can stop for a moment and work with DotProduct and Norm in the course of completing assignment 2 of worksheet MatrA3b.mw. We showed above how it can be checked that a given vector is expressible as a linear combination of vectors taken from a given set. Linear dependence of a set of vectors may be examined analogously. A closely related problem is the determination of a basis for the span of a dependent set.Let us begin with generating a set of vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. Stack them into a matrix LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiTUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= and calculate the reduced row-echelon form of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiTUYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. Matrix theory tells us that the non-zero rows of this echelon matrix form a basis for the span of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=. The next lines of Maple code cover the entire process.First we empty the vector LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic=, and define new vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRImlGJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYn and then we build a sequence of Vectors LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUklbXN1YkdGJDYlLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEidkYnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy1GIzYlLUYvNiVRImlGJ0YyRjVGMkY1LyUvc3Vic2NyaXB0c2hpZnRHUSIwRicvRjZRJ25vcm1hbEYn and stack them into rows of a Matrix (by taking the transpose of their Matrix as a set of columns), to which we apply the Basis 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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The Maple command RowSpace gives the same basis directly. LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEpUm93U3BhY2VGJy8lJ2l0YWxpY0dRJXRydWVGJy8lLG1hdGh2YXJpYW50R1EnaXRhbGljRictSShtZmVuY2VkR0YkNiQtRiM2Ji1GLDYmUSJNRidGLy8lK2V4ZWN1dGFibGVHUSZmYWxzZUYnRjJGL0Y9RjIvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRj1GQA==LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Maple also possesses a built-in Basis instruction.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If the vectors of the set LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= are arranged as columns, side by side, and the row reduction process is applied to the matrix thus formed, the reduced row-echelon form should clearly show that each vector of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= is a linear combination of its first three vectors. Can you confirm this?LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYmLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVE2UmVkdWNlZFJvd0VjaGVsb25Gb3JtRicvJSdpdGFsaWNHUSV0cnVlRicvJSxtYXRodmFyaWFudEdRJ2l0YWxpY0YnLUkobWZlbmNlZEdGJDYkLUYjNiYtRiw2JVEqVHJhbnNwb3NlRidGL0YyLUY2NiQtRiM2JS1GLDYlUSJNRidGL0YyLyUrZXhlY3V0YWJsZUdRJmZhbHNlRicvRjNRJ25vcm1hbEYnRkdGREZHRkdGREZHLUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=The following Maple instructions are instrumental in finding these linear combinations: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Finally, by Maple's GramSchmidt procedure we obtain an orthogonal basis for the span of LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYkLUkjbWlHRiQ2JVEiU0YnLyUnaXRhbGljR1EldHJ1ZUYnLyUsbWF0aHZhcmlhbnRHUSdpdGFsaWNGJy9GM1Enbm9ybWFsRic= - note the combination of upper and lower case characters. Recall that the vanishing of the inner product of any two basis vectors is characteristic for an orthogonal basis.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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Just a final check: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LUklbXJvd0c2Iy9JK21vZHVsZW5hbWVHNiJJLFR5cGVzZXR0aW5nR0koX3N5c2xpYkdGJzYjLUkjbWlHRiQ2I1EhRic=Assignment 3 of worksheet MatrA3b.mw, in which the column space of a matrix has a prominent place, provides the opportunity of trying out some of the vector processes mentioned. We have come to the end of this worksheet.